‹) In the Turkestan region, all troops usually wear linen and army shirts.
It is advisable to deposit a certain amount of money into a savings bank in your name in order to
’ time of his entry into service, i.e. to 2t-lbtny age, he had accumulated 105 rubles. Little by little, the uniform capital of each age is compiled. The total figure of this capital currently exceeds 300,000 rubles. Without destroying the economy of a wealthy Cossack and giving. the opportunity for a poor man to gradually accumulate, in one way or another, part of the money necessary for equipping him for service; this method, although it does not completely resolve the issue of equipping a Cossack with his own means, is not a great relief for him at the present time. The influx of this capital is explained by the gradual reduction: in recent years, expenditures from public sums on uniforms for the poor Cossacks.
To the weak points of this. capital is that it brings too little interest to its owners at a time when they themselves are in dire need of cheap credit.
Land and cattle breeding, as already mentioned above; constitute the main sources of prosperity for the Orenburg residents. Cossacks But, being the basis of their economic life, these branches of agriculture are at the lowest level of development: as they were carried out just a year ago, they are carried out now. Only in recent times has some attention been paid to the improvement of cattle breeding.
In the past, thanks to the vast expanses of land that were not delimited, as they are now into different domains, the Cossacks' farming was conducted in farmsteads scattered around the village for dozens of miles. Everyone chose a place where he liked it, built a farm and lived in it for the rest of his life. He plowed wherever he liked, as much as he liked and as he liked, because the vast expanses of land provided
He has the widest scope in this regard.
So in 1860, for every male soul, 64 acres of land were due, and in 1870, 54 dessiatines. He also used pasture areas for his livestock unlimitedly and without control. Under such conditions, land use provided the Cossack with many benefits: it more than covered all his expenses and provided funds for a completely prosperous life.
But, with the opening of the land survey for the troops in 1874, village societies began to receive for their use only the allotment, which was determined according to the law, that is, 30 dessiatines per head, and from the remaining free lands, military reserve lands, quitrent articles and reserved plots, gold ones, were cut out. mines, etc. With the passage of time and the increase in population due to natural growth, this 00-tithe share of land gradually decreased and, finally, has now reached an average of 22 tithes, and for the villages of this section - up to 9 tithes per capita, and this land is distributed unequally between stanitsa societies. In the first division of Bl5, only the DVB villages are completely overpowered, and the rest require an addition from free military lands. Although this extension has now been designed, and partly has already been demarcated in the new linear region, the Kyrgyz nomads are located in GDB, but the Cossacks will take advantage of it. They can only from 1902, i.e. after the final eviction of the Kirghiz to the mile marker allocated for them. At the present time. These Cossacks suffer an extreme need for land, especially the villages: Nizhneozernaya, Tatishchevskaya, Vozdvizhenskaya and Giryalskaya, where for every male soul there is only 10-14 dessiatines of comfortable land.
The uneven distribution of the Cossack troops occurred as a result of the incorrect delimitation of the military areas. But the law of the Oyitsersk plots was supposed to be allocated only to those areas where the Cossacks had full land allotments, but in the first department this rule was not fully observed.”
In parallel with the decrease in land, the chemical method of using it also increased, which
*) “Ruseksh labor” 1899, No. 25.