Social income and expenses.
The public income of the villages is made up of the following sources: from public plowing, established since 1894, and the allocation of land for plowing, haymaking or grazing
‚ livestock, from collecting planting fees from commoners -_
‹ residents and rental of fishing grounds, as well as ‹collecting debts and settlements from residents. In addition, in some villages market squares and inns provide income. courtyards, etc. etc., but recent incomes are “the property of a relatively small number of villages, and therefore are not of general significance.
Public plowing consists of posfv public hlfba. usually on the best land, azatfm in harvesting and threshing the crop. It is performed in all villages by residents in kind, as a special duty, and is performed by them mainly on holidays. To lease land for posfv and sfnokosheshe, a special corner is usually separated from the general dacha, called the public rental clause. This article is rented out to residents or commoners for a special fee at auction. Instead of grazing livestock, the pastures of the entire village are given over to the industrialists. The planted fee for estates is collected from commoners in the amount of $r from 1 to 5 kopecks. from a square fathom, depending on the category of income, and constitute a good income only for such lively points as suburban villages, for example, Orenburgskaya, etc. But giving yy
— 14 the society receives some income, a planted payment, in turn, grants commoners the right to free use of public pasture for their livestock. Renting out fishing grounds brings little benefit to the Cossacks due to the insignificance of fishing rivers and lakes. The Urals, flowing through military territory over an area of about 1,000 versts, could in this regard be a good source of income for the Cossacks, but the Urals, as was already stated above, did not allow fish to pass into the Orenburg borders. The layout is clear, it seems, without any explanation. It is usually resorted to as a last resort when there are not enough public funds for urgent needs, such as uniforms for poor Cossacks, etc.
Thus, public income is made up either through the acquisition of land tax from the Cossack, or through the use of his personal labor, or, finally, we collect money from him according to the schedule, in other words, from the same Cossack pocket from which he equips himself for service and to feed his family, constantly subsisting from bread to kvass. Taking away from the Cossack part of the best land from his already insignificant per capita surplus, public interests prevent him from developing his personal economy; handing over, for example, rays of pasture land to an industrialist, the Cossack is forced to provide for livestock on grassed land; giving the best fallow land for rent, he himself is content with the rest, half-depleted. And there is no possibility of correcting this debt, because expenses for public needs are growing every year, but the sources for satisfying them remain
TB, however, was several decades old.
back, i.e. one land.
The only extraneous income item that did not directly relate to the property of the Cossacks was the money they charged for the right to trade wine in Cossack villages. This right gave them income up to 92,000 rubles. per year. This income item a. first of all the companies' expenses for co-
I run schools and provide uniforms for the poor 2.
chains But, with the opening of state-owned wine sales since 1895, the Ministry of Finance does not pay the same amount to companies as they previously received before the introduction of the wine monopoly. In addition, in recent times it has become possible for private individuals to sell beer in Cossack villages on the same basis, not only without asking the communities for any consent, but often even contrary to their wishes expressed in the sentences. Beer shops, without bringing any income to communities, are now often opened even in places where there was no beer before this time.
no idea. The last circumstance is barely.
Is it possible to be recognized as agreeing even with these laws, so that the government will open a wine monopoly and establish temperance societies?
Public expenses are made for the following needs: the maintenance of local stanitsa and village administrators and the maintenance of schools; construction, maintenance and repair of public buildings and uniforming of poor Cossacks; for prizes for horse racing, horse riding and taking snow towns; creation of capital: military, school, public charity and herd; maintaining public reading rooms and libraries, hiring shepherds, etc.