the Cossack is given the right to plow no more than 1/3 of the land due to him every day.:
The Cossack's use of the village itself amounts annually to an average of 3-9 dessiatines per capita.
In the villages of the first department, mainly wheat-kubanka and oats, and sometimes rye and millet are stored, and in the villages of the second and third departments, like the more northern ones, there is Siberian wheat, oats, rye and barley. Sunflower is grown from oily plants, but only for household use. |
Even under relatively favorable conditions last six years, when there was no drought, no mare, no gopher, the farmer gave the Cossack an average income of only about 5 rubles. 9o kop. per capita per year. And this is the kind of income at which he can barely make ends meet in a very miserable existence. In worse cases, the harvest will not recoup what was spent (for example, in 1897), not to mention personal labor. =.
It is obvious that it is impossible to leave the Cossack’s agriculture in the same state as it is now, otherwise the first crop failure will have the most disastrous impact on his already shaken economic situation. It is necessary to accept some special ideas, such as, for example, replacing the existing agricultural system with a more productive, more improved one, which must be recognized as a fruit-peremumptive system. But in order to carry out the last method of exploitation of the land into the life of the Cossacks, it is necessary to develop among them the most important agricultural knowledge, with the help of establishing lower agricultural schools, establishing experimental fields and establishing in certain positions “lipronomov”, 4 also distributing as widely as possible crumble improved agricultural new weapons Such schools should be opened on free military lands, at least one for each department, and they should teach not only subjects related to the land of the military, but also crafts, especially technical and technical skills, which are necessary for a Cossack, such as, for example: saddlery, tailoring, shoemaking and blacksmithing, etc., as well as including non-medical farms with special equipment. character, for example: dairy farms, dairy farms, poultry farming, beekeeping, etc. The choice of one or another type of agricultural school for each department depends, of course, on local conditions, but in general it is desirable | It is important that the training in them should be primarily of a practical nature, and that the students, their clothing and furnishings should be adapted to the conditions of everyday life, so that their students, having completed the course, would go back to their homes not as masters, but as simple workers as they were before entering school. And so that, upon completion of the course, they can immediately apply the knowledge they have acquired on their own farms, it is necessary to supply them on credit on preferential terms with the necessary improved agricultural implements and instruments of the skill they have learned. Only such a setup of the dBl can bring real benefit to the Cossacks, giving them the opportunity to immediately and personally become convinced of the superiority of cultural methods of cultivating the land and the possibility of the most productive exploitation of it. The spread of improved agricultural implements among the Cossacks can be helped by opening warehouses for these implements, at least one ICBM, one per unit, and releasing them to the Cossacks on credit for their food.
But our preferential terms. This last measure is already beginning to be partially implemented, through the removal of agricultural implements by the military economic administration, and therefore it remains only to wish it complete success.
Of course, for the establishment of schools, experimental fields, the opening of warehouses and the general organization of this for all, it will be necessary to make monetary expenses, but these expenses are so urgently necessary, so productive that it is impossible to stop in front of them, moreover, that the Cossacks themselves, with their own resources, will never be able to get out of that vicious circle of poverty and ignorance in which various unfavorable circumstances keep them.
After 5 farming in the Cossack farms, the most important thing was cattle breeding. It provides him with material for a wide variety of needs: for serving the Tsar’s service, for agricultural work, for food, clothing, etc. All troops are bred mainly horses, cattle and sheep, and partly pigs, and camels are raised in small quantities.