to dig, but not from the place (cannons) to fire at him 0-0 all sides cannot, and in the future there is a place of great importance, jealous, not the same as the present one, and the castle is not the place to see everything, but the place of the castle" 1). Such demands, of course, were not always carried out: the castle hill sometimes turns out to be low, sloping; under the castle mountain there is sometimes another mountain of the same height, or even higher: the Elevskaya castle tora is surrounded on three sides by such mountains 2); the inspectors recommended raising the castle mountain in such cases, otherwise there are sometimes various old ramparts, fortifications, buildings, pits in the vicinity, “so many people can hide.” storm the castle from the quiet pits.” Some 060vovs advised to fortify the mountains with “tamovannem”, that is, with plank or wicker fences; Sometimes the river bank was also decorated with wattle fence 3). Unfavorable conditions sometimes forced the castles to be moved, which did not require much labor and expense given the construction method of that time; This is how Vinnitsa Castle was moved, and Osterski Castle even several times: once because the river moved away from the castle, another because the mountain began to erode greatly; they tried to move the castle to Cherkassy, but the city population refused to move, finding it unsafe to move away from Dzir.”) From the city, which was usually built at some distance, the castles were sometimes separated by deep moats through which drawbridges led.
1) then a. in UT. 111.
2) UP archive. 1. 99, 107, 600 (Vinnitsa). One of the Yuevsky mountains, Uzdykhalnitsa, was artificially lowered after the end of the century by “half a hundred fathoms of goodness”, see the Kyuevsky chronicle in the “Collection of chronicles of the South. and Hall. R.> s. 84-85.
3) CA Archive. T. 156 (Lutsk).
4) Acts Yu.3. R.P. No. 132. Archive UP.T.91, 341-2. By the way, regarding Ostra, inaccurate news or, more precisely, an inaccurate date has penetrated into the scientific literature. N. |. Dashkevich in his “Notes on the history of the Lithuanian-Russian state” (p. 57) published an extract located in the so-called. Mezhyhirskaya manuscript (“Chronicles of Volyn and Ukraine”) from the library of the Ossolinsky Institute and brought there by the hand of the famous Belevskato from the “chronicler who is in the Polish translation of Nestor”; it is as follows: Appo 1333. APtaev bazbaiz RAaytiz UPpepaz Yipbal16 atset 0 shopazegii shlbeg Cole her Schegtsnot at registered Science 056 ehyga Vomzepet her Pezpat {1 aul0z w No. 01z $5 Egeyifatyz, e6 58416 UAZ: \Uuroom, RA Promzistuita, Fezbapitka, Kuosvadem, Vodepkomiste, Tajit, Slet, o\Tuiziskuyata, Rgotokouziezhutta, eb sgsa shopazbegiy as agset orrait Ozyog, as zbaota: pcs (letu zastia ex Vomz Pepe +01 Fie, 11 SLobetkomtshe zbazpash ex Bezpa, $011 Che, sh Ktosvaem zbaspash ex Oezpa fosha feipa, sh Fayshapka zast ex Oezpa $011 @uye, e6 zbaspash OuShabeze ex Oezza sha eta. shopazruns
SOUTHNORUSSETE GOSPODARSKGE CASTLES IN THE HALF OF THE XNUMXth century. 1]
Castles are usually built from wood. Only two of the castles considered had stone walls - Lutsk and Kremenets. Lutsk, the “notorious and capital castle”, which was at one time the capital of Volyn, owed its stone castle to this position; Lyubart Gediminovich began to build it, and you will graduate from Svitrigailo"). The construction of the stone Kremenets castle, perhaps, must be explained by the fact that the surroundings of Vremets abounded in stone, and people had to be transported 6-8 miles 2). The dimensions of some castles (Ekevsky, Vladimir, Kremenets) are not described indicated, of the largest ones were: Zhitomrey - 62Zh55 fathoms, Lutsui - the castle itself 54.5Zh48, and the “suburb” or roundabout castle - 75Zh128, Mozyrey castle - 65Zh28, roundabout castle 169 fathoms in circumference; the smallest one is Chernobyl (22Zh17) 3).
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]