In his studies, some inventories of southern Russian castles were read and explained to him; At the same time, the proposed work was written - now it appears in a slightly revised form. When compiling it, I also used the instructions and explanations of V.B. Antonovich, to whom I offer my sincere gratitude.
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9 M. TRUSHEVSKGI.
It is connected with this struggle, it had a twofold character: sometimes it took place at the initiative and expense of the population itself, sometimes at the initiative of the government; Our knowledge of older eras primarily relates to this last, most fundamental colonization, which was expressed primarily in the creation of advanced Ukrainian captive settlements and villages and their inhabitants from the interior regions or foreigners. One of the moments in the history of such government colonization, the subject of this essay, is precisely the middle of the 15th century, from which detailed general data have been preserved. Before moving on to the question, I will dwell briefly on the state of colonization of Southern Rus' in that era. The era of the establishment of Lithuanian supremacy in the southern Russian lands coincides with the very energetic colonization movements of Rus' in the steppe) circumstances favored this: on the one hand, the Lithuanian supremacy, without introducing, especially at first, any special changes into the structure of Russian life, brought the benefit that it united the southern Russian lands again and restored the central government in them power, which some of them, for example. the land of Vlevskaya was, apparently, completely deprived; on the other hand, the Tatar Horde at this time weakened, fell apart, and one could not expect from it serious obstacles to the movement of Rus' into the steppe. Thanks to this, the colonizers, with a strong and determined government, are proceeding extremely energetically; at the end of the KhSU and the beginning of the 14th century. is | a number of cities on the southern Russian outskirts, unknown to the | fes, like Cherkasy, Evenigorod, Dashev, Chudnov, Vinnitsa, Braslavt, Khmelnyk, Letichev, etc.; The Russian-Lithuanian state included lands up to the Black Sea and Vitovt decided to establish a firm foot on its shores.
This colonization effort, however, met with strong obstacles - | looking like Tatar raids and devastations; The raids launched into Southern Rus' by the famous Edigei (Idikoi) after the defeat of Vytautas on Vorsklev were, as it were, an ominous omen.
1) See the foreword by M. F. Vladizireky-Budanov to the acts of colonization, Archive/
10.Zap. Rovmi part UP. T. G. ©. 55 pp., also Essay on the Podolsk lands of the city. Silently about Novskato p. 294 ate.
Km oe zi rune new to our next one. The policy of Vytautas, who embroiled himself in the internal evil of the Golden Horde and promoted his candidates to the khanate, and then maintained friendly relations with Hadji Giray, the founder of the independent Crimean Khanate, paralyzed the Tatar thunderstorm in some MVR, but circumstances changed completely when the son of Hadji Giray Mengli Giray, The “Mingyr Tsar” recognized the supremacy of the Sultan over himself and entered into friendly relations with the hostile Moscow State. A series of devastating incursions into Southern Rus' began: in 1478 the Tatars ravaged Braslav, in 1482 Yuev, and the governor Ivan Khodkevich was taken prisoner, where he died, in 1495 Vladimir-Volynsvy was ravaged, then, again, Braslav, in 1498 Chernigov *); Tatars penetrate beyond Pripyat, even into the region of native Lithuania. These devastating invasions of Mengli Giray had a terrible impact on the state of Southern Rus', worse, perhaps, than the invasion of Batyevo itself. Cities and castles were destroyed, some cities disappeared forever after that, and the population dispersed 2). (The faithful strip of Southern Russia recovered quite quickly, although the population was in constant fear of Tatar raids 3), but the southern steppe strip, in its own sense, was desolate for a long time.
In the 19th century, despite frequent Tatar raids, a new slow movement into the steppe and its conquest for a settled life began. Its first bases were the renewed state
1) (m. Izeledovane about the peasants of the city of Novitskato (Archive of the South-West. Ros. Part UT. T. G. | p. 40); significant Tatar raids are indicated under the years: 1516, 1582, 1587, 1538, 1550, 1556, 1558, 1566, 1598.