The cannonballs for the guns were cast on metal in iron and clay forms; Gunpowder and sometimes saltpeter were made at the site, so that only s$ had to be delivered. Gunpowder was crushed in crowds; one push mot “to kill one hour after another stone (32 0.) gunpowder”; in Vremets there was a “rotary mortar in German with six pushers, in which one person can pound gunpowder.” The gunners did this. The eyes in the castle were the only representatives of the technical know-how and sometimes combined in their hands very diverse duties and occupations: the gunner is a good archer, he not only repairs, but also builds new hand-handles and hooks, is engaged in blacksmithing, prepares gunpowder, saltpeter, pours cannonballs, sometimes “straightens trenches (pipes) and trays,” and in He was one of the gunners and a watchmaker, a “zekgarmaster.” Thanks to this, they sometimes received quite a significant allowance: this Vevsvy zekgarmister received 30 kopecks and 10 cubits of Luna (Mon) cloth per year; Lutsk gunner—26, Vinnytsia—20; others received less, from 16 to 6. There were usually few gunners, 2-3, sometimes one at a time, which, of course, was not enough for a flowery castle, especially since the inhabitants did not always manage to shoot from the guards. Among the gunners we find natives, and natives, Poles; Patey rants regarding the Bratslav castle: “But even then it wouldn’t have been a mischief if the inter-Russian gunners were dressed like a Lyakh, or a Czech, a scientist.”
ny gunner for the best and most important right and castle shooting“?).
1) Arch. UP. G. 137, 149. Before the fire, according to ordinary people, there were 5 small and 2 large cannons in 11/, fathoms, “in which the timid small men climbed into the tanks”; According to the inventory of 1501, there were 4 great cannons and five rams. Arch. \1. 1. No. 9.
It remains to say © food. stocks - “naepijozanz”. Castle food supply in the. The princes were usually delivered by state volosts - one or two of them were assigned to each castle, and castle “palaces” (farms), mills, arable lands, etc. '). In the western, Volyn districts, most of the villages were already under the control of the peasants: in Lutsk and Vladimir districts, the lustrator counts distributed: two volosts, 105 villages, 6 castles; however, significant estates still remain attached to the castles: under Vladimrek - the Smidenskaya volost, which contains about 100 households (which, however, suffered greatly from the capture of the neighboring Kovelskato elder), under Lutsk - approx. 90 courtyards (26 villages), near Kremenetskoye - 18 villages and hamlets. 994. people These Vrestvyans go to the castle, build services, serve a few days of field work in the castle farms and villages, or pay tribute in food or money 2). These supplies supported the castle officers and servants, but Lucius, for example. The headman stated that the supplies being delivered were only enough for this, and there was nothing left for “replenishment.”
In the south-eastern, sparsely populated areas, there were either no moss mudflows, or very few; Moreover, the population often carried out various kinds of extraneous duties - they served in military service, served as guards, delivered carts, built various household services for the castle, etc., field work and tribute are found in insignificant quantities" 3).
1) So in the charter of the elders of Metislav and Radoml: “half of the arable land of 60 of all our households and farms for him and his servants for his belongings every year; and the other half of the arable land from both courtyards is expected to be used for the acquisition of our castles.” Acts 3. R. Ts. No. 167 (1529).
3) So in the Vinnitsa region in 1545 there were 3 castle villages, of which one “pulled” to the castle was Mezyakovo (70 people); its inhabitants are building, besides the castle town, a “gridna, a kitchen, a lazne, a bakery, a cold room”, one day they mow and row the sfno, give only 11/, cops of troshes and “if required, submit to the elders for the service of Fzditi” (ba. 42. UT. 114); Kuevsky castle belongs to 10 villages with equally varied duties, to Osterkoy - 6; in the Bratslav PovftV “all villages and belongings are for the Zemyans and MF residents and Cossacks”, the castle imfvy and in the villages of Zhitomrekom, Cherkassy, Kanevsky are not mentioned. But the government did not protect these small castle villages either; so from the mentioned 6 Sols of the Ostersky Castle in the 17th century. there is no longer a single one at the castle, all are distributed to the nobility (lustre. 1628—Arch. UP. 1. 342).
M. GRUSHEVSKTI.