ziueeteetepe Tata, pop e5yo atrNaz ted@sabat: tsibe Za stiiaiz Acsizbi$ atsesh zoata te{atysau! 6 rupees SarTsaleat Ozbtenzet Sopzapypit Vaeoshtza shzNvie. Belyov himself, apparently, reacted with caution to the given dates; M. F. Vladimrev-Budanov, in his study of the southern Russian colonization (Archnv Yu. zap. R. UP. G. v. 42-43), finding it impossible to attribute the transmitted fact to the era of Gediminas, suggested that it dates back to the time of Vytautas. But it turns out that this fact dates back to the 15th century. and the castle itself seems to be an extract, not entirely accurate, from modern chandeliers. Please compare the inventory of 1559 (Archive Yu. 3. R. UP. T.): “Ostr, for the holding of Pan Konstantin Ratomskato. Ostersky Castle beyond the Dnieper and beyond the Desna, between Kyiv and Chernigov... on this ancient settlement near the church, an ancient walled-up deserted, from the good memory of Pan Olbracht Ktashtolt, the governor of Vilna, on his grandfather from 14 years old from a soybean tree was erected... it, d. (©. 592). Next: “Lake lakes. At the Chernin lake on the Dnieper there are two; near Erekhaevo lake from the Desna tonia 1; at Yalmuntse there is a lake from the Desna, there are 2.... Mestskoe lake from the Desna, there is one” (p. 596). The castle villages are listed as follows: Vypolzov, Pilinovshchizna, Elminka, Krokhaev, Bodenkovichi, Zhukin, Cherkino (p. 597). 3 ZZhoblunshchina there were 30 pennies for half a third of a load of hay, now it’s empty.. The Earth of the Prophet lies in the empty (p. 598). So it turns out that the fact transferred to the castle took place around 1538 and the mentioned Albrecht Gastold was a contemporary of Sigismund the Old. Compare also lustration 1628 v., Pest p. 341-842.
1) Monuments of TU. 2.66.
2) 14. 203. A stone castle was built in Vladi Kazizirom PSH, but was later destroyed by the Lithuanians, see Dlutosh. 1X, r. 1150, X, r. 2-8, ed. 1711 As for VTev, in all likelihood there was no stone city here in the ancient era and probably there was not in the middle; in the list of torods of the Resurrection Yayotopis: “city of Yuev, Drevyan” (Pol. beaver. LЪtop. UP. e. 240).
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m frbbueič-r ZIDAN FIGHTS
M. HRUSHEVSEHY.
not the same, in the same castle there were gorodni both in and in 1, sazhen., it seems the normal length was three sazhens '). The walls were double, the spaces between them were filled with earth or sand; sometimes, as in Vinnytsia, the role of the inner wall was played by a fence, well coated; the outside of the wall was sometimes coated with a length of two or more spans. The wall constructed in this way represented an imposing stronghold, which could not be penetrated by a cannonball, as experience in the Vinnitsa castle showed 7); but if water penetrated into this earthen environment, the stones would rot very quickly. In general, castle buildings suffer a lot from the harsh verses: they quickly burn, often burn, “close the wind is great... the tops will rise,” and so on. The wooden walls were so high, it was indicated that the lustrator complains in one case: “and all the castle life is humiliated; on some places a person can stand on the ground, blank, and reach with a cue” 3); one can guess that the usual height did not exceed 3 fathoms. In Lutsk the stone walls were 4 fathoms high.
At the top of the walls there were covered chopped larapets - blanks or blanks, in which there were holes for shooting - shooting (to hit), sometimes lower down there was another row of holes specially for latches and guns. On the inside of the walls there were buildings in the form of sheds, sometimes chopped, divided with internal walls, equipped with locks and serving as storerooms for the zemlyans and other inhabitants of the eldership in case of danger; they were also called gorodni. The roof of these fortresses apparently contained a “blank”, which went around the entire wall and was necessary for bypassing the guards and in case of defense; they climbed onto this platform along placed logs with cut-in steps. Here, on the platform, various supplies for defense were piled up: blocks, stones, tridents, which were dropped on the enemy; There were troughs with water in case of fire. Besides the goroden, houses and cages were often built within the walls; house windows
1) Archive, UG. [. 91. 2) UP Archive. 1.599.3) 4.77.
sometimes they made their way outside the castle: in the Cherkassy castle they were punched so low that you could “reach it with your head.”\).