Jews. This manifesto written in revolutionary phraseology demands at the end the removal of the Soviet government, formed of "foreign elements from the ever hungry land of Moscow and the land where Christ was nailed to the cross," and the murder of the Jews. The watchword of Grigoriev found an echo in the Ukrainian village. It was taken up in the several localities by the local Batki as well as by the bands of the Black Hundred in the Ukrainian cities and villages, and especially by the ultra-reactionary anti- Semitic intellectuals who are found in plenty in the cities and small towns, and was carried farther. This is extremely characteristic of the period of Grigoriev, which may be regarded in this respect as the forerunner of Denikin. Thus in the country town of Gorodische, in the Government of Kiev, a former officer Gritsai stood at the head of Grigoriev' s men. The pogrom was led by a small group of residents, teachers and students of the local gymnasium and agricultural school. They were not only the instigators and leaders of the pogrom, but also soon took active part in pillage and murder. In the town of Zlatopol (Government of Kiev), the participants in the Jewish massacres were not only the poorer classes, but also a part of the intelligentzia, as far as they belonged to the Black Hundred or sympathized with them. In the town of Stavische, in the same Government, a town of more than one thousand peasant families, there were among the participants in the pogrom many landed proprietors, students, clergy, who openly designated themselves as members of the "White Guard/' The terrible massacre in Yelisavetgrad took place under the watchword, "Cut down the Jews, cut down the communists!" The Rabbi of Mirgorod testified at his examination that the soldiers seized him, pointed at him and cried, "You are a communist, you Jewish snout!" In Boguslav it was the peasants who robbed and murdered the Jews on the ground that they were all Bolsheviki and communists. The same thing happened in Tarascha and in dozens and hundreds of places in which Grigoriev's bands instituted pogroms. In Cherkassy the pogromists literally cut down all Jews, saying to them, "You want to rule over us, to use violence against us!" Especially characteristic of the movement instigated by Grigoriev is the fact that the intellectuals in their agitation in the villages used a new motive in addition to the old, namely that the Jews had done violence to the Christian religion (a motive suggested by the phrase in the manifesto, "from the land where Christ was nailed to the cross"). This grouping about Grigoriev not only of the civic elements, but also of the Black Hundred, who dream of the return of the tsarist order, lent to their deeds of horror the particularly gruesome character of an attempt to annihilate and exterminate the Jewish people. The pogroms everywhere followed a prearranged plan. The triumphal procession of the victorious Grigoriev took place under the sign of pogroms instituted by the Ataman himself and his assistants, Uvarov, Tiutiunik and Nechayev.
The Jewish persecutions in May must be attributed to the activity of Grigoriev. Three- fourths of them took place in the southeastern projection of the Government of Kiev (the district between Cherkassy and Chigirin). The rest were enacted in the neighboring parts of the Governments of Kherson and Poltava. In a small number of cases the pogroms were instituted not by the bands of Grigoriev but by locally resident
UKRAINE
elements and under the influence of the above mentioned "Universal" manifesto.
The Jewish massacres followed each other in the following order: Zlatopol, May 2-5; Znamenka, May 3; Lebedin, May 5; Gorodische, May 11-12; Orlovetz, May 12; Zolotonosha, May 12; Rotmistrovka, May 13-14; Matusovo, May 13-14; Belozeria, May 14-15; Smela, May 14-15; Yelisavetgrad, 15-17; Novo-Mirgorod, 17; Cherkassy, 16-21; Raigorod, 20; in the Sablino-Znamenk sugar factory, 20; Alexandria, 22; Chigirin, 25; Alexandrovka, 15-18; Stepanovka, 18; Semyonovka, 18-19; Grosstjlov, 20.
There were pogroms at the same time in Fundukeievka, Medvedovka, Kamenka, Teleschino, Station Bobrinsky, Tzvetkovo, Moshny, Glovbin, Kassel, Tomashov, Ivanovka, Vessyolaya Kuta, Vessyolaya Podol, and others.
The following Jewish persecutions during the same month are also closely connected with Grigoriev's manifesto. They all belong to the district of Uman, situated at a greater distance from the places in which Grigoriev's bands resided. Of these massacres the most bloody were in Uman, May 1 3; Dubovo, 1 3 and 14; Talnoie, 13; Kristinovka, Ladyzhenka, and the villages, Vyasovok, Mankovka, Ivanka, Buki and others.