UKRAINE
the behavior of the crowds which had entered the city, towards the Jews, changed sharply for the worse. Nevertheless the genuine village peasantry spilled less blood than the others, and among them there were occasionally found protectors of the innocent. Finally, many Jews bought their lives from the peasants with money. The cutting down and shooting was mostly done by gypsies, who had come in with the rebels, by petty bourgeois of the city, living in the suburbs, and by criminals; also by peasants from the village of Starye Babany, of which Shtogrin was a native — Shtogrin who had been shot for organizing military and peasant uprisings against the Soviet regime. The usual picture of pillaging and killing was as follows. Separate bands scattered over the city and visited dwellings in bunches, searching and inspecting people and documents, looking for weapons and communists. Except for the cases in which the searches were conducted by rebels with principles, or by direction of the rebel authorities, the searches invariably ended in open looting and carrying off of the Jews' property and various goods, with beatings and murders. In some cases the havoc began with the declaration that they had come to look for "communists" and weapons; in others, with the accusation that communists and others were hidden on the premises. In the majority of cases the bandits rushed in, demanding money, and torturing and killing before or after getting the money. In some instances the bandits, guided by local criminals, went directly to the homes (well known to the latter) of rich and well-to-do Jews, where without any pretext or with a provocatory pretext they plundered and murdered. In many places the bandits "planted" weapons, which resulted in the payment to them of large money ransoms, or caused the shooting of all who were found in the dwelling (see Appendix 6). On the first day the number of Jews killed amounted to between 30 and 60 people. In the evening the pogrom and the murders quieted down. The Jewish men arrested in their homes, numbering close to a hundred, were taken away to the quarters of the Extraordinary Committee, which the rebels had seized; some to headquarters or to prison. On the morning of the next day (the 13th) Proclamation No. 1 was issued in the city, signed by Klimenko as "Chief in Command of the Insurgent Troops of the region of Uman." In this it was declared that the Jewish power was overthrown, and the insurgents were called upon not to serve "Jewish agents and provocators." In the morning the pogrom flared up again with renewed force, with arrests of Jewish men, and shooting of them with orders and without orders, in solitude in their
UMAN: