in this way, that the breadstuffs which they occasionally bought from good peasants were taken away from them, and they were at the same time beaten and arrested. Very many such cases are recorded. There were cases where people refused to sell bread at the markets to Christian women who looked like Jews.
At the same time some of Klimenko's staff and of the rebels were angry at him because he forbade further pogroms and massacre of the Jews, and openly accused him of having "sold out to the Jews." At the assembly of villages which was called by the rebels the control passed into the hands not of the Left Social Revolutionaries, to which Klimenko was reckoned, but of the partizans of the Directory, such as Doroshenko, Novak and others. At the assembly many Ukrainians delivered speeches against the pogrom and in defense of the Jews, and the assembly received and listened to a Jewish delegation which presented itself. Under the influence of these speeches, the assembly took a stand against the pogrom and in opposition to the town bourgeoisie, clergy, and officialdom, which classes were represented by the speakers at the assembly as the sole inciters to the pogrom. In the opinion of the speakers, the peasantry had taken no part whatever in the pogrom and the massacre, exception being made of individual cases of provocatory agitation by town black-hundreders, who had nothing in common with the objects of the peasant uprising. Out of the considerable number of Jews killed there has not been shown to be a single communist. Two communists were killed without trial or order, but both of them were Ukrainian Christians— Makar Davidenko and Anani Straigorodsky. At the same time it was reliably known that the communist Krasny, an Ukrainian, president of the Uman Executive Committee, who was sick abed, was visited several times by the leaders of the uprising (the commander in chief Klimenko, the former cantonal commissar of the Directory, Novak, and others), who talked with him peacefully and protected him from the possibility of attacks on his life, in spite of the fact that Krasny had not abandoned his communistic views. On the other hand there were cases of renegades, cases in which well-known Soviet officials and a certain number of private workmen who had gone with the Soviet regime went over to the side of the rebels, the Extraordinary Committee, and the Directory. To do this all that was needed was, as they put it in Uman, to "turn the visor"; the rebels entered Uman with the visors of their caps turned backward, wearing them thus as a rebel mark.
The rebels remained in Uman from May 12 to May 21 inclus-
UMAN:
ive. In spite of the fact that this regime in its latter days promised order, guaranteeing that more violence against the Jewish population would not be tolerated, nevertheless the Jews, crushed and overwhelmed by what they had experienced, remained in their homes and did not venture on the streets. All orders and demands of the authorities to open the stores and take up regular life again had no effect at all, and the city had a painful, benumbed aspect. The streets were depopulated; even the Christians did not go abroad.
The rebel staff organized troops, which it sent partly in the direction of the railroad junctions of Vapniarka, Tzvetkovo and Kasatin, where the rebels seized a series of stations. The rebel newspaper Visti ("News") every day reported victories, including the taking of Kiev, Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Poltava, and other points in Ukraine. Nevertheless, the warlike frame of mind of the rebels in Uman subsided, and many peasants of the canton scattered to their homes, taking their arms with them, and also removing to the country in their carts goods stolen during the pogrom from Jewish homes and wares stolen from the stores. Some of the peasants considered their task completed after the three-days' Jewish pogrom, and were unwilling to fight beyond the borders of their own canton. A number were horrified that so much innocent blood had been shed, which even their leaders spoke about after the pogrom, and went home because they expected no good results from such actions. Uncertainty and alarm seized the rebels, especially in the last days, when Soviet detachments took the offensive along all the lines of the railroad to recover the points seized by the rebels, and began to press on them. The Jewish population again lived through days of panic, fearing that the rebels, compelled to abandon Uman, would signalize their departure by repeating the bloody occurrences which had taken place.