Now let's move on to determining the location of the cities that were mentioned in the literature and in the chronicles. Let us note that some scientists (Bilyaev) expressed doubts that all the places named in the charters were cities. But if we recognize the cities of a given era, first of all, as enclosed centers for military and trade centers, around which merchants and farmers settled, to which well-known districts (uyzd) were drawn, then it will be necessary to recognize the localities of charters as torods, regardless of the tribute they paid, as has already been proven. Samokvaso-. vym, 55). |
51) We draw the attention of legal historians to the fact that the “polyudie” tribute, according to charters, was taken, apparently, from some border, more or less outlying cities, such as in. The listed torodes are greater or lesser measures; Meanwhile, from some internal cities only “porodiye” was taken, and some internal cities were not named at all (Krasny, Vasilyev, Smolensk).
55) Here is his proof; 1) in the list of settlements that had to pay tribute in favor of the Bishop of Smolensk, in the first charter they are named: Toropets, Kopye, Luchin, Metislavl, Suzdal and Izyaslavl (?), but that these settlements were cities, the evidence of the chronicles and the third charter of Rostislav convince us. 2) In terms of the amount of tribute paid, Toropets, Kopys, Luchin, Mstislavl, Suzhdal and Izyaslavl did not differ -
Verzhavllny Velizhma, consisting of nine churchyards in which the Istuzhniks lived 56), were undoubtedly located near the current city of Verzhavsk. Rzhev, district city of Tver province. on the upper Volga 57), so to speak, in his district.
Toropets is the city of Pekovskaya province. near the lake of the same name. This is one of the oldest cities; We find the first mention of it in the 12th century; Rostislav Metislavich passed through him in 1168 on a date with his son Svyatoslav, who was then reigning in Novgorod 5°). Toropets is mentioned in the Patericon of Pechersk in the biography of. Esau, who was originally from this city 53). He was on one of the branches of the great waterway, and therefore already in the 19th century. it was one of the rich cities: the prince received 400 hryvnia in income from it, the amount of which significantly distinguished him from all the cities named in the charters. Here were the princely fishing grounds (gr. Rost.). Eevo: The Pechersy recluse Isaayu is called the rich Toropets merchant 60). At the very beginning of the 13th century. Toropets already stands out as a special place and since that time has gained special fame and significance. The city in ancient times was well decorated, as it away from other residents. 3) Verzhavek is named a city in the act itself: at Verzhavek at the toro$ Zgrivna of the Holy Mother of God, a. Verzhavsk, in terms of the amount of tribute paid to them, was the smallest of the settlement points listed in the charter. 4) Seven of the settlements listed in the first letter are mentioned in the third, where they are directly called cities. Ancient cities of Rososh, pp. 87-88.
56) People who are not subject to general taxes, according to the explanation of prof. Vladim!reko-Budanov. See note. 6 to ed. im gram $.
57) Bflyaev (Zap. Rusek. Geogr., vol. UT, p. 177) to guess that Verzhavek is now Rzhev. Barsov [see Dictionary] cite this guess with the conclusion that “it is not entirely conclusive” and points to the Verezha churchyard in Toropetsk district. Pogodin (Lekshi, etc., 31) directly points to Rzhev. Prof. Budanov's decree. on ©. I believe on the river. "Verzhitsv in Bflskom u. Smol. province (note of letters). This dispute with sufficient certainty, as it seems to us, is discussed by Prof. Sobolevsky (see Lectures on the literary Russian language, p. 83), who indicates the formed words of Rzhev from Vrzhev, from the root vrzh (bush): following the disappearance, the consonant fell silently away. That the Verzhavsky churchyard should be looked for near the city of Verzhavsk is proved, it seems to us, by the meaning of the letter itself: when mentioning the city itself, the letter says “at Verzhavsk you are 1 yurod,” thus contrasting the Verzhavsky churchyard with a city. oil: it is clear that the compiler wants to separate Verzhavek city from the churchyard -
59) Yakovlev, Mom. Russian liter. 14th and 13th centuries, b. 79.
34 M. DOVNAR-ZAYOLSETY.
represents the extreme and important point of the Smolensk Principality to the extreme; Near it there is a n-Fekolko fortification 61). In XUG Art. it was surrounded by wooden fences 62).