ceased to be a shield in the 17th century. And it seems to us that the history of the awakening and development of a self-conscious personality can be seen especially in those works that were subject to censorship and the ban on counter-reforms. Anything more or less significant that has had an impact on the awakening of the individual from the middle-class hibernation can easily be found by a modern historian in shakh'Ъ Shgogash rgoIogit. Both Cardan, and Vanini, who was burned in Toulouse, and Bruno declared that they reasoned that it was not true that it did not save them. Some strong defenders of freedom relied on reason, some fiercely attacked Salmazy, Filmer (Raichatspa) and, more recently, priests and kings, suppressing any and all free thoughts.
Remarkably, the epithet atheist with all its consequences was immediately assigned to the author if the author relied more on ancient philosophy than on the scholastic tradition. A follower of Epicurus, Gassendi (see his Exerciopes raga- {ohisae auresis Atesbobeeos 1624) was proclaimed an atheist. The same nickname was given to Lipaus (MapaasNotiz aa Eyusash pb|ozorshat. R#zio]oslae Eeyusogim. Eetesha rVIozorshae E{oisae shogaz). Montaigne was not free from accusations of atheism, despite his statements, with which he could consider himself insured.
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]
Even a sincere recognition of religion, which put God as the starting point of philosophy *), did not save from the prevailing Argusian orthodoxy, if along with this the traditional, church norm of understanding was noticeably violated in some way. Campanella, imfvpiy smflost, with all this data, raise his hand to the fruitless exercises of the scholastics 2), twenty-seven young people languish in monastery prisons. Proposing in his state of the sun to elect rulers 8) in accordance only with the degree of knowledge of them, demanding equality and freedom of citizens, seeing in the state only the form of the best combination of conditions for the development and happiness of its members, Campanella went against legitimism, feudalism, and this could not be forgiven him $
Spinoza, none other than the “atheist-Jew.” One of the first exegetes of the Bible, he argued that natural morality is far from the same as religious morality in its theological illumination. As we will see, Spinoza frees not only the political individual, but also the ethical individual from any kind of positive religion imposed on them. And none other than Malebranche awarded Spinoza the title of preacher of atheism, which is what you call tali with the name of the Hague sage and subsequent French philosophers in the family of Fenelon (Tga 6 Che Gehlzese Che ep).
Reflection on nature, adopted by the Renaissance from classical antiquity, supported by the achievements of natural science. adopted by the rationalism of practical philosophy and culminating in the 17th century with naturalistic metaphysics, more and more undermined the approach to theological
1) Mear. v. 1. 1. 1. T. Tvoshae SashrapeNae.
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]
3) $5 Yesyo and Mish made a bet.
4) The same view held in Itami Botero.
[fragment illegible in the scan of the first edition]
In the same way, all teachers of natural law carefully isolate their findings from this point in vain. Human nature is the basis of the individualistic elements of the natural law doctrine, and we must state that the individualistic elements of the doctrine of natural law that we indicated, adopted from pagan antiquity and reworked into the new philosophy of law, took root in the writings of the era under consideration in the World War II with the ripping off of the absolute domination of orthodoxy, no matter how and by whatever means its representatives fought against this. The doctrine of natural law completed the liberation of human personality begun by Descartes and continued by the above-mentioned moralists. She completed dflo master-
I eat. Divine law, which previously ruled over
The religion of legal individuation, begun in the 17th century by the Grots-political individual, gave way to natural law. In the theory of state law, the religious individual not only ceased to dominate the political, but he himself became subordinate to later thinkers such as Hobbe and, later, Rousseau.