The state doctrine of independentism is based on the recognition of the people as the source and supreme bearer of power. This is clearly and definitely stated in one of Roger Williams's pamphlets: “The source and basis of “civil power” lies in the people; this is what is meant by “civil power” as distinct from established governments. If this is so, if the people can establish such a form of government as seems to them most consistent with his social system, it is obvious that the form of government thus established by him has no more power and retains it no longer than to entrust it to the government with the consent and will of the people." Below we will see that, by resolving the difficult issue of state law about sovereignty, the reformist Hugo Grosch is essentially approaching Williams' theory, when the people are also made the common bearer of sovereignty. But Hugo Grosh, who was a revolutionary in history and suffered a lot for it, was almost executed, cannot be counted among the supporters of democracy. It was second only to the spirit of the times, in which Europe was awash with opposition literature, and Gollanmä was, as it were, its entire printing house.
As for the question of the exercise of state power, in this respect the writings of Milton revealed r) The American colony Robinson credits the first independents with incomparably greater permissibility compared to those who were only considered the founders of new churches, Lutherans and Calvinists.
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stand before us with brilliant completeness and inspiration of the rights of parliament, as a popular and representative institution, a stronghold of freedom and protection of the individual. The classic defense of freedom of thought and conscience by the author of “Paradise Lost and Returned” is too famous to dwell on and will forever remain one of the most beautiful monuments of the human mind in its passionate striving for truth, despite any authoritarianism. We will note only by pointing out Joe Milton's definition of this freedom: a natural right of man, the same right on the basis of which a bird can fly and a fish swim. That is, in other words, pointing to the natural conditions of normal human existence.:
In addition, in these works the English poet-philosopher, who towards the end of his life adopted Aranism, is almost identical in his political principles to the Independent Williams.
But Levellers attack the natural nature of man even more when they demand recognition of the individual’s inalienable right to profess faith and freedom of conscience.
The literary exponent of their teaching was the “freeborn” John Lilborn (TA). It seemed that he had made it his life's mission to flood England with political pamphlets. In them, the issues of state law are at the forefront. Considering them in a purely individualistic spirit, we consider the internal principles to serve as the religious principles we described above.
The starting point for the study of levellers or equalizers are the ideas of equality and freedom of the individual, a sovereign member of a political union 1) (i.e., the ideas that formed the basis of the doctrinaire of the great French revolution).
1) There is an indication that they considered a republic to be the best form of such a union. One of the paielets bears the title: “a modest petition in favor of a republic based on equality.”
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Although equality, as understood by the Levellers, does not extend to the area of property relations. '), tfm not menfe in all other respects, it is carried out by sectarians with radical consistency. The freedom of the individual is viewed as an innate (payue) and inalienable right, which lies not only in the foundations of the political union formed by the agreement of the people (astepe oe fe reore) *), but also limits the people's government 3). Thus, the Levellers recognize the supreme right of the individual, both in the exercise and control of state power, and as an inalienable enjoyment of personal freedom. The Levellers, in the spirit of that time, in their pamphlets mainly mention individual freedom in society, but the fundamental understanding and interpretation of this right to freedom is extremely important. And the principles of such an interpretation, their connection with previous acts of English liberties “) could easily be, and indeed, were extended to other types of freedom already in many American declarations of rights—(51 $ 112,115) the prototype of the declaration of the French Constitution of 1789.
1) But the Levellers energetically condemned feudalism, the severity of taxes, etc., demanding equality and fairness in their distribution.