This is how a radical change is made in the movement of the dominant philosophical and legal ideas from the position: “uaz esseztaeae zirgesha 1ex ezyu, to the position: steps - zirgesha, 1ex ezeo. This turning point was prepared well, but political individualism occupies a dominant position only in the 18th century, when it not only develops into an integral doctrine, but also penetrates into the qualities of the ruling theory into the life of political institutions... Let us first consider what concrete form it takes in the study of states against the background of the philosophies of the 18th century, and then what It expresses itself in the political doctrines of two revolutionaries under the guise of a declaration of the rights of man and citizen.
Let us first take a general look at the background and motives of this philosophy, which, together with Descartes’ rationalism, also took advantage of his methodological skenticism. With the weathered surface caused by the lack of collected social material, with the desire of the mind to passionately criticize the existing and deny the previous knowledge, one is skeptical about moving into philosophy already in the “P/s-Noppata” of the free thinker Pierre Bayle, an opponent of the Leibnischen theolyceum.
Even David Hume in his “Epoligu sopsegishe Patap tsi4erz-{ap@she”), which has a huge impact on all of late philosophy, distinguishes between these two types of skepticism, adds to them three, killed by common sense or natural dissipation. (The main literary fighter of the American
1) 1748 See book. HP. n$m. lane Kirchman (vol. 13th philosophical library 1888
RTN Ipa i, o avyana ya abAAN
The revolutionary Thomas Pan (Rush) gave exactly this title to his pamelet: “Soshipop zepze”) ').
On the other hand, Locke instilled in the French philosophers of enlightenment and philosophy of law, in particular, a penchant for sensationalism, which miraculously coexisted with rationalism and, ultimately, led to the materialistic views of Julien la-Mettrie, Holbach, Condillac and others.
Sensualism and materialism, when applied to ethics and legal theory, led to the utilitarian point of view. It is precisely this that characterizes the ethical and political outlook of these writers. Only one of the main exponents of the revolutionary doctrine, the author of "Sosgae Soaae", adhered to the Scottish philosophy of feeling. A radical and to the end straightforward and consistent defender of the rule of people, the Geneva thinker with his writings brought that passion that so distinguished the French revolutionary movement in theory and life and which theoretical ideas armed for active struggle.
Delving into the meaning of these motives, one cannot help but note their extremely beneficial nature for freeing the individual from the domination of old norms created by the church and political absolutism.
In fact, nothing undermines authority, no matter how it is expressed, than the skeptical attitude of the individual mind to the immutable dominant tradition. Cartesian methodological skepticism supported destructive criticism and denial of the old. Philosophical skepticism could be even more favorable to individualism. Doubting everything, a person does not succumb to anyone’s authority. But, of course, such skepticism is close to extreme Pyrrhonism.
1) January 1176
The materialistic shade in the works of the majority of Fuangese enlightenment philosophers created a new materialistic background for individualism and undermined the significance of Christian idealism. In this relationship, materialism has a relationship with individualism that is akin to Epicurean philosophy. We have already had occasion to note that the orthodox philosopher of modern times assigned to all philosophers of the materialistic direction the name Epicurean; in the language of theologians this meant atheists. The first one laid the foundation for the liberation of the individual from fear, which suppresses individual self-awareness with the secrets of nature and deity, Epicurus, giving them a feasible natural explanation, continued by Lukrest. Enlightenment materialism also made an attempt to reveal the laws of human life, behavior and society that are accessible and convincing to reason.