— 363 -should facilitate the implementation of these rights. This is significant!6 to have, for example, the theory of separation of powers, introduced both in the declarations of individual states of America and in the first French declaration of constitution 1) or, for example, reporting and responsibility of government agents ®). Another meaning of the proclamation of individual rights lies in the opposition of the people to the sovereign, which we noted above and was so forcefully proclaimed by the tyrant fighters; which in Peng, as we have just seen, took the form of opposing the individual and society to government and the state.
But along with these two values, we must note the most important thing that lies at the foundation of the first two. It can be characterized by the words of Barer 3) that the rights of a citizen and a person do not require the approval of the sovereign, since they existed before the monarchs themselves. These rights, according to the doctrinaires of the great French revolution,
lyushchie and participants of the constituents, preceded the state. It is not their creator, but they determine the constitution itself *), as a form of human cohabitation.
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2) $5 Declaration. Massachusetts and $15 decl. constituents. (The text of the declarations of the S. Am. states can be found at Vopbmu. Ei4ez 4e Tsto!6 sopzybiyoptpe!a Dageze: Ge$ sot biops tshodegiez $. 2).
8) The editor of the declaration of rights proposed to the convention on May 29, 11793.
4) In the preface to the French Constitution of September 53-14, 1791, immediately after the declaration of the rights of man and citizen, we read that the national assembly wishes to create a French constitution on the basis of the principles proclaimed in the declaration, that it will forever abolish the institutions that oppressed the freedom and equality of citizens in rights.
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are going
E CH TEA
This was the Cartesian “seeking the natural light of reason solely from oneself, without the help of religion and (scholastic) philosophy.” However, it is hardly correct to say that the principles of reason were noticed, in the revolutionary era, by the experience of history. In fact, the mind made an assessment of political forms, chose from them the one corresponding to the awakened self-awareness of the individual, took advantage of the criticism and principles of the ideologists we are considering 2) and built a revolutionary doctrine, which is designed to begin a new history, in the words of some deputies of our national colleagues. It expresses a protest against the vast abuse of power on the basis of the truths of eternal justice, truths recognized by the “reasonable man”, contained in a declaration called Pastore, “Decalogue of Reason.” formed the basis of an individualistic understanding that completely rejected the old ethical view of the relationship between man and the state 3). In the words of one modern defender and admirer of the individualistic traditions of the revolutionary doctrine, “The authoritarian regime, the ethic normative understanding, created automata that would play well, portray the human personality, but would not replace it” “) and its strong-willed, conscious attitude towards political cohabitation.
We have seen that the philosophical self-consciousness of the individual was awakened by Descartes, while the revolutionary doctrine enlightened his political self-consciousness. And political self-awareness, content
1) What does the “Spirit of Laws” testify to? 2) I am enlightened by the works that Rousseau, encyclopedias and other writers used.
3) Atb. UP. Res. 1795 read: Ha pbeezz 6 @’6popseg sez @goyz zirrose op La rge6zepse ots 1e zopuep!t5 teeepe @ts 4ezroyzie. The subjective negative attitude towards history was explained by the fact that it was history that taught us to hate this despotism, which, according to the many doctrinaires of the revolution, was refuted by declaring rights.
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HER
to her
The understanding of which became the natural, inalienable, sacred rights of man and citizen could not be other than the consciousness of free. “It could not remain inactive, be silent, without killing itself. To live means for him to speak, to act. Consciously, once born, it strives to possess complete and absolute freedom and independence. To say: the democratic kingdom is the kingdom of consciousness is the same as saying “democracy” is the kingdom of independent consciousness” 1).