The principle of conserved energy, which embraces all the natural sciences, as we know, is the basic principle of the synthetic philosophy of evolutionism. When applied to the understanding of the human personality, is it not a scientifically explained principle, the metaphysical outline of which, we, at one time, avenged in Spinoza (5m e55e conseguage) - this is the ‘principle of self-preservation and self-affirmation of the individual? It expresses a force inherent in the human personality, called the force of gravity towards oneself. Pointing out the feeling that constitutes one of the roots of human behavior, it is examined and explained in connection with the general cosmological law and responds to Spencer’s hypotheses that the principles that guide the activities and conduct of man and society are the same comprehensive principles of the entire worldly cosmos. Such a broad and deep formulation of political individualism was not achieved by any of the thinkers we examined, who claimed to build an integral and systematic political doctrine. This formulation of the problem is not reconciled with narrow utilitarian empiricism. Bentham, and especially Mill, in Spencer's opinion, were not satisfied with empirical inductions alone. Some of their provisions could not be obtained by this method." When applied to politics, empiricism is even narrower. It leads to legislation on occasion, that is, to deny the "laws of ordinary people."
r) For example, Bentham’s rule: “everyone is recognized as one, no one is more than one,” Mill’s principle of maximizing happiness is meaningless until the happiness of one person is recognized as exactly the same; like the other." How, Spencer asks, can the proposition be obtained by induction: “all people have equal rights to happiness?”
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“noy life”, with which, if they really exist!), the legislator must comply.
Spencer does not deny empiricism, but does not limit himself to it alone and criticize it when it leads to sollipsism in epistemology and ethics. Following Mill's approach, Spencer does not consider man in isolation, but introduces him into the general picture; he does not anthropocentrically distinguish him from the rest of living beings, but by studying them he tries to find explanatory elements for man. Every organism is formed through the extraction of substances from the environment. As the self develops, it ceases to be physically similar to the surrounding environment. The development of an individual's organism reveals a dual property: differentiation of its parts and differentiation of the entire individual from the environment. The growth of an individual is, therefore, nothing more than individualization. This is the action of the continuous law of world evolution, that is, the redistribution of mother and movement. And evolution is nothing more than a transition from unpreformed, incoherent homogeneity to defined, coherent heterogeneity, accompanied by an integrating mother and expansion of movement.
Here we must note that the position of the individual, according to this law, is such that its individualization goes parallel to
1) Society, viewed as an aggregate of mutually dependent parts, cannot serve as the object of random, fundamentally unsubstantiated legislative experiments. The mistake of such state empiricists is that, adjusting the law being issued and, in accordance only with the immediate circumstances, they lose sight of the fact that the consequences of such a law go much further than these promises, by virtue of the principle called by Spencer procreative causation, and produce effects, becoming, in turn, causes. The result may be the opposite of what was expected when the law was passed. (They are based on the treatise “The Individual Against the State.” We used the Paris fifth edition of 1/pag@a cotege G6bay. Tga4. rog 1. SereVe]. A1san 1901). The practical politician thus turns out to be, in essence, the most innocent of theorists. Already these’ methodological principles of Spencer show that his individualism must be connected with general laws; the induction must be supplemented by the deduction.
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Let us carefully define its relationship to the environment. In other words, this is a process of ordering its relation to the environment, which until that time was less determined and chaotic. The same process is observed in the evolution of the uir mother, i.e. in the evolution of the planets.