When characterizing them, the common feature of individual claims is their equality, that is, the equality of the legal conditions of existence') This feature is the complete opposite of Hobbes. Gobbey believed that the reason for the hostile attitude of natural individuals towards each other was precisely equality. Individuals, therefore, must be brought into the Cerarchical 'subordination of authority and converted into parts of the state mechanism.
For Spinoza, equality is the basis of the right to self-preservation (Sie e35e conseguage) in political society. Each individual is equally recognized as retaining rights, without which he cannot remain an individual and a political union. And while remaining a person, he is no longer a part of the state mechanism, not an organ of Lenaoan, but a political individual. In other words, citizenship does not dissolve the personality, but the personality of a person, with the recognition of its natural properties in its existence and development, itself remains the basis of citizenship.
Such was the turning point of individualism from the accumulation of elements of the concept of the political individual to the implementation of this concept in political philosophy with the help of the doctrine of natural law, in which these elements were synthesized.
On the other side of the doctrine remained the state slave, subject, on this side the concept of a citizen was born and developed, opposing his subjective and individual claims to the state. From here a logical continuous connection arises towards the completion of the doctrine of individualism under the slogan of the individual against the state.
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Shapepe aedia!ez T. T®. r. With. 16.
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This signified not only the victory of the individual over the state, hitherto an absolute ruler, but a gradual inclination of theoretical politics towards the creation of a new construct of state form, since the ancient classification of states, which Spinoza continues to adhere to, does not contain a form that corresponds to the emerging concept of the political individual and his rights. Spinoza, who contributed so much to clarifying the basis of such a concept, is still expressing his sympathies in favor of democracy, and tachyie pabiga!e u1Chefafig °).
However, the doctrine of natural law was perceived and popularized by German, English and French legal philosophers. It is presented by them with various variations, insignificant for the principles, and with varying degrees of originality. The last feature is the least distinguishable from the pre-Kantian German philosopher of law. But its representatives are especially useful as popularizers of the doctrine for the entire Western European jurisprudence. And therefore, a few words should be said about their interpretation of the principles of natural law. They are under the threefold influence of the medieval idea of patrimonial and class monarchs, natural law doctrine and ethical views that developed on the basis of Protestant scholasticism. They used these views to substantiate their rights. Among the Protestant scholastics there was a mixture of religious, legal and ethical principles, which initially substantiated law and the state. German scientists have motorcycle religions
1) S. X\G Tgaee. Meo]. Roy. In general, to characterize the individualistic tendencies of Spinoza, it is necessary to give him the first theologian. interpret than others.
New beginnings occupy beginnings. moral, separated by them from religious. But. The confusion between morality and law will remain for a long time, although attempts are being made to distinguish between them. About this time, the closest solution to the law, partly outlined and resolved to the best of our ability by some of the previous philosophers we have examined, is the problem of the relationship between law and morality. Its resolution is a new stage for the further development of political individualism. The solution to this problem will depend on the construction of two completely different - in terms of the position, role and independent rights of the individual - constructions of state power: police, in the spirit of enlightened absolutism, and legal.